Warren, B. L. (2002). Intramuscular injection angle: Evidence for practice? (Vol. 18).
Abstract: This article presents the findings of a search for evidence to support the 45-60 degree angle of insertion for intramuscular injection of vaccine which is recommended in New Zealand. With the objective of discovering the evidence base for an intramuscular injection angle which differs from that recommended by the World Health Organisation and the accepted practice experienced by the author in the UK, Canada, Malawi and the USA, a comprehensive library and internet literature search was undertaken. Information was also sought by personal correspondence and contact with a range of immunisation specialists. Both the literature specifically on needle angle and that which includes needle angle within a wider investigation of technique is included. Overwhelmingly the evidence supports a 90 degree angle of needle insertion for intramuscular injection as being most effective in terms of patient comfort, safety and efficacy of vaccine.
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Warren, B., Marugeesh, C., & Greaves, K. (2017). The management of immunisation decliners in Waikato general practices. Kai Tiaki Nursing Research, 8(1), 37–42.
Abstract: Identifies the processes used in those general practices that consistently reach the Ministry of Health 95 per cent immunisation target for eight-month-old infants. Considers how the practices manage parents and caregivers who are reluctant to immunise. Invites practices in a number of different community settings to participate in the study over a ten-week period, using a mixed-method approach. Analyses quantitative data from the National Immunisation Register using Excel, gathering qualitative date from face-to-face or phone interviews, and anysing these using both SSPS and NVivo 10.
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Warren, B., Dovey, S., & Griffin, F. (2011). The evidence behind more than a decade of policy recommending influenza vaccination for young New Zealanders with long term medical conditions. Held by NZNO Library, 2(1), 27–32.
Abstract: This article reviews the recent evidence underpinning the New Zealand Ministry of Health's recommendation to offer free annual influenza vaccination to people aged six months to 64 years who have certain chronic medical conditions (eligible younger people). These results show there is relatively limited research providing evidence underpinning recommendations for influenza vaccination among people aged <65 years. These results show that there is a need to increase nurses' awareness of the rationale behind the New Zealand influenza vaccination policy, that this may in turn increase their willingness to recommend influenza vaccine to more eligible younger people.
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Warren, B. L. (2007). Using paracetamol before immunisation: Does it work? Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand, 13(5), 24–26.
Abstract: The author presents a review of evidence on the prophylactic use of paracetamol prior to infant and child immunisation. The research was prompted when the Otago District Health Board was planning its Meningococcal B strategy. The evidence suggests that it was appropriate when the whole cell pertussis vaccine was used, but it was not recommended since the introduction of better vaccines such as acellular pertussis with fewer antigens and fewer side effects. Paracetamol may still be given orally to treat pain and fever that occasionally follows vaccination. Paracetamol pharmacology is presented, along with alternatives to paracetamol.
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