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Kiata, L., Kerse, N., & Dixon, R. (2005). Residential care workers and residents: The New Zealand story. Access is free to articles older than 6 months, and abstracts., 118(1214).
Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the nature and size of long-term residential care homes in New Zealand; funding of facilities; and the ethnic and gender composition of residents and residential care workers nationwide. A postal, fax, and email survey of all long-term residential care homes in New Zealand was undertaken, with completed surveys received from an eligible 845 facilities (response rate: 55%). The majority of these (54%) facilities housed less than 30 residents. Of the 438 (94%) facilities completing the questions about residents' ethnicity, 432 (99%) housed residents from New Zealand European (Pakeha) descent, 156 (33%) housed at least 1 Maori resident, 71 (15%) at least 1 Pacific (Islands) resident, and 61 (13%) housed at least 1 Asian resident. Facilities employed a range of ethnically diverse staff, with 66% reporting Maori staff. Less than half of all facilities employed Pacific staff (43%) and Asian staff (33%). Registered nursing staff were mainly between 46 and 60 years (47%), and healthcare assistant staff were mostly between 25 and 45 years old (52%). Wide regional variation in the ethnic make up of staff was reported. About half of all staff were reported to have moved within the previous 2 years. The authors conclude that the age and turnover of the residential care workforce suggests the industry continues to be under threat from staffing shortages. While few ethnic minority residents live in long-term care facilities, staff come from diverse backgrounds, especially in certain regions.
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Murrell-McMillan, K. A. (2006). Why nurses in New Zealand stay working in rural areas. New Zealand Family Physician, 33(3), 173–175.
Abstract: The author investigates why nurses in New Zealand stay working in rural areas when their Australian counterparts and medical colleagues are leaving rural areas at alarming rates. She looks at international recruitment and retention issues, and particularly compares rural nursing in Australia with New Zealand. Local research shows that over 50% of rural nursing is in the practice environment. Practice nurses report high job satisfaction, specifically around working with diverse populations, autonomy, and working with GPs, the local community, and local iwi. The only perceived barrier identified in the New Zealand literature to job satisfaction and collaborative team behaviour has been the funding of nursing services in rural areas. This contrasts with many barriers to rural nursing in Australia, and the author suggests New Zealand policy makers may learn from Australia's retention issues.
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Jamieson, I., Sims, D., Casey, M., Wilkinson, K., & Osborne, R. (2017). Utilising the Canterbury Dedicated Education Unit model of teaching. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 33(2), http://www.nursingpraxis.org.
Abstract: Considers whether the Canterbury Dedicated Education Unit model of clinical teaching and learning can support graduate registered nurses in their first year of practice. Uses a descriptive exploratory case-study approach to gather data via three focus groups with a total of eleven participants. Undertakes thematic analysis to identify patterned meaning across the dataset from which two primary themes emerge: support, and recruitment and retention. Identifies five associated sub-themes: peer support, organisational support, liaison nurse support, team support for the graduate registered nurses, and team support for the staff. Reveals the significant contribution made by the Nurse Entry-to-Practice Programme Liaison Nurse as a conflict broker.
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North, N., Rasmussen, E., Hughes, F., & Finlayson, M. (2005). Turnover amongst nurses in New Zealand's district health boards: A national survey of nursing turnover and turnover costs. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 30(1), 49–62.
Abstract: This article reports on the New Zealand part of an international study, using agreed study design and instruments, to determine the direct and indirect costs of nursing turnover. These costs also include the systemic costs, estimated by determining the impacts of turnover on patient and nurse outcomes. It presents the findings from the pilot study conducted in six countries to test the availability of costs and suitability of the instrument. Reports the results from a survey of directors of nursing in 20 of the 21 district health boards on turnover and workplace practices.
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Holloway, K. T. (2000). The future for nursing education: UKCC review has relevance for New Zealand. Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, 16(2), 17–24.
Abstract: The author reviews the report 'Fitness for Practice' by the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) noting many areas of relevance for New Zealand educators in outlining possible strategies for nursing education. Discussion of some of the recommendations is put in the context of a strategic review of undergraduate nursing education recently commissioned by the Nursing Council of New Zealand. Issues such as recruitment and access to education; retention; clinical assessment and placements; clinical skill acquisition and partnership are valid concerns for educators here also. Internationally, the author suggests, the commonalties in issues of concern lend validity to the concept of the global village and the necessity for a global perspective in health care workforce planning, including educational preparation.
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Ledesma-Libre, K. (2019). Factors influencing nurses' choice to work in mental health services for older people. Kai Tiaki Nursing Research, 10(1), 61–62.
Abstract: Explores what influences nurses to work in mental health services for older people (MHSOP)and what factors encourage those who did not choose this area of nursing, to continue in MHSOP. Includes nurses' positive and negative perceptions of MHSOP. Collects data via focus group discussions with 30 mental health nurses.
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North, N. (2007). International nurse migration: Impacts on New Zealand. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 8(3), 220–228.
Abstract: Nurse migration flows in and out of New Zealand are examined to determine impacts and regional contexts. A descriptive statistics method was used to analyse secondary data on nurses added to the register, New Zealand nurse qualifications verified by overseas authorities, nursing workforce data, and census data. It found that international movement of nurses was minimal during the 1990s, but from 2001 a sharp jump in the verification of locally registered nurses by overseas authorities coincided with an equivalent increase in international registered nurses added to the local nursing register. This pattern has been sustained to the present. Movement of local registered nurses to Australia is expedited by the Trans-Tasman Agreement, whereas entry of international registered nurses to New Zealand is facilitated by nursing being an identified “priority occupation”. The author concludes that future research needs to consider health system and nurse workforce contexts and take a regional perspective on migration patterns.
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McKenna, B., Thom, K., & O'Brien, A. J. (2008). Return to nursing programmes: Justifications for a mental health specific course. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 5(1), 1–16.
Abstract: This paper presents the findings from research that investigated the feasibility of developing a specialty return to mental health nursing programme in New Zealand. This was achieved through a scoping of existing return to nursing programmes; a survey of non-active nurses; and stakeholder consultation via interviews or focus groups. Existing generic programmes fail to attract non-active nurses wishing to focus on mental health nursing. The non-active nurses survey found 142 nurses who presently would or might possibly return to mental health nursing and participate in a programme. Most stakeholders supported the idea of implementing such a programme. The findings from this research indicate both feasibility and enthusiasm for the introduction of return to mental health nursing programmes. It is recommended that all aspects of this course mirror the service user focused 'recovery paradigm' that is a central tenet in contemporary mental health service delivery.
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Stone, P. W., Tourangeau, A. E., Duffield, C. M., Hughes, F., Jones, C. A., O'Brien-Pallas, L., et al. (2003). Evidence of nurse working conditions: A global perspective. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 4(2), 120–130.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to review evidence about nurse workload, staffing, skill mix, turnover, and organisational characteristics' effect on outcomes; discuss methodological considerations in this research; discuss research initiatives currently under way; review policy initiatives in different countries; and make recommendations where more research is needed. Overall, an understanding of the relationships among nurse staffing and organisational climate to patient safety and health outcomes is beginning to emerge in the literature. Little is known about nursing turnover and more evidence is needed with consistent definitions and control of underlying patient characteristics. Research and policy initiatives in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States are summarised.
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Walker, L. (2010). Hardships and hurdles: The experiences of migrant nurses in New Zealand. NZNO Library, 1(1), 4–8.
Abstract: The New Zealand nursing workforce is increasingly made up of overseas trained nurses. There is extensive literature from elsewhere in the world on the impacts of international nurse recruitment and migration on individual nurses and on health services. The literature also portrays evidence of abuse and exploitation, yet few studies are available relating to the experiences of migrant nurses in New Zealand. This research conducted a survey of overseas-trained nurses, specifically focusing on those nurses for whom English is not their first language, to understand the experiences and factors affecting migrant registered nurses in New Zealand. Given the importance to the New Zealand workforce of overseas-trained nurses, this research highlighted that more warnings and advice regarding recruitment agencies and information about nursing in New Zealand and the Nursing Council requirements for registration should be made available to nurses prior to their migration. Nursing leaders should be particularly alert to any evidence of bullying or discrimination based on race or overseas origin.
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Becker, F. (2005). Recruitment & retention: Magnet hospitals. Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: International nursing literature indicates nursing shortages are widely recognised; however efforts to remedy poor recruitment and retention of nurses have been largely unsuccessful. This paper presents the predominant factors influencing poor recruitment and retention of nurses, such as: the image of nursing as a career, pay and conditions of employment, educational opportunities, management and decision making, and low morale and then explores how Magnet hospitals address these factors. During the 1980s, several hospitals in the United States were identified as being able to attract nursing staff when others could not, they became known as 'Magnet' hospitals. The American Nurse Credentialing Centre developed the Magnet Recognition programme to accredit hospitals that meet comprehensive criteria to support and develop excellence in nursing services. Magnet hospitals not only attract and retain satisfied nursing staff, but also have improved patient outcomes compared to non-Magnet hospitals, such as decreased patient morbidity and mortality and increased patient satisfaction. The successes of the Magnet Recognition programme in recruitment and retention of nurses is discussed in relation to its transferability outside of the United States, particularly to New Zealand as a way of improving recruitment and retention of nurses here.
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Entwistle, M. (2004). Women only? An exploration of the place of men within nursing.
Abstract: This dissertation came out of the author's wondering why there are still so few men going into nursing especially when the history of nursing reveals that men have been a part of nursing for a long time. In New Zealand it is only since the mid seventies that men have been able to gain the exact same nursing qualifications as their women colleagues. The author notes that men in nursing are still seen as unusual in that they work in a predominantly female occupation and have had their masculinity questioned by the myth that all men in nursing must be gay. There is also the notion that caring is a difficult task for men and is seen by society as a uniquely feminine ability. Both issues are related to dominant notions of masculinity. In addition to this there is currently a crisis in terms of a nursing shortage and it has been suggested that one way to resolve this crisis is to encourage more men into nursing. Thus this exploration as to why there are so few men in nursing is timely. Men who choose nursing as a career risk challenging the traditional roles of their gender stereotype. A comprehensive search of the literature from different disciplines reveals deeper issues than just the commonly held assumption that nursing is not masculine. Exploring the issues of gender with a particular focus on masculinity has uncovered the concept of hegemonic masculinity. This describes how gender is practiced in a way that legitimises patriarchy, reinforcing the dominant position of men over women as well as over other groups of men. It is these patriarchal attitudes that have seen men marginalised within nursing. On the one hand men in nursing could be seen as challenging the current dominant masculine ideal. However, on the other hand men in nursing may not challenge this hegemonic masculinity; instead often supporting the status quo in an effort to maintain their own masculinity. The author suggests that the implication for nursing, if it is to increase the numbers of men in the profession, is to challenge this notion of hegemonic masculinity. This needs to be done appropriately by critically examining this concept rather than by merely replacing one hegemony with another. He goes on to say that it is now time for nursing education to include a critical exploration of gender issues and how it relates to men as part of undergraduate nursing education for both men and women students.
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Lindsay, N. M. (2006). Skeletal attraction: Childcare provisions and the recruitment and retention of orthopaedic nurses in New Zealand.
Abstract: New Zealand's ageing population is predicted to have increasing degenerative musculoskeletal changes affecting both mobility and morbidity. In response, the New Zealand government is supporting a one hundred per cent increase in the number of elective joint replacements performed across the country from 2004 to 2008. However, like other specialties, orthopaedic nursing is experiencing shortages. In order to improve the recruitment and retention of orthopaedic nurses, as with other nursing specialties, childcare is offered as a strategy for consideration. In 2005, New Zealand parents indicated in an online survey, that in order for them to work, they needed affordable, quality and conveniently located childcare. Nurses have similarly indicated the importance of childcare when considering and managing a balance between their work and home lives. This paper explores contextual work and home life balance dialogues in relationship to nursing recruitment and retention issues and New Zealand nursing. Childcare as a recruitment and retention strategy, is explored in the context of New Zealand nursing and compared with the childcare strategies employed for nurses by Britain and Australia – New Zealand's major competitors for New Zealand nurses. The author concludes that, in light of the international shortage of nurses, childcare is an important recruitment and retention strategy which is currently absent in many of New Zealand's district health boards. Recommendations are offered to support the balance between work and home life for nurses and reconcile orthopaedic nurses to the clinical setting in order to provide the quality and efficient care that is needed for New Zealand's ageing society.
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Gray, L. - M. (2006). Should I stay or should I go? An examination into the Plunket Nurses' perception of the employment environment. Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: Participants for this study consisted of six Plunket Nurses from three Plunket operations areas within the North Island, varying in experiences from two to twenty three years, working with both urban and rural communities.
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Barber, M. (2007). Nursing and living in rural New Zealand communities: An interpretive descriptive study. Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: This study used an interpretive descriptive method to gain insight into and explore key issues for rural nurses working and living in the same community. Four Rural Nurse Specialists were recruited as participants. The nurses had lived and nursed in the same rural community for a minimum of 12 months. Participants were interviewed face to face and their transcribed interviews underwent thematic analysis. The meta-theme was: the distinctive nature of rural nursing. The themes identified were: interwoven professional and personal roles; complex role of rural nurses and relationships with the community. A conceptual model was developed to capture the relationship between the meta-theme and the themes. A definition for rural nursing was developed from the findings. This research identified some points of difference in this group of rural nurses from the available rural nursing literature. It also provides a better understanding of the supports Rural Nurse Specialists need to be successful in their roles, particularly around the recruitment and retention of the rural nursing workforce.
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