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Author (up) Warren, B.L. openurl 
  Title Using paracetamol before immunisation: Does it work? Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 13 Issue 5 Pages 24-26  
  Keywords Immunisation; Paediatric nursing; Evidence-based medicine  
  Abstract The author presents a review of evidence on the prophylactic use of paracetamol prior to infant and child immunisation. The research was prompted when the Otago District Health Board was planning its Meningococcal B strategy. The evidence suggests that it was appropriate when the whole cell pertussis vaccine was used, but it was not recommended since the introduction of better vaccines such as acellular pertussis with fewer antigens and fewer side effects. Paracetamol may still be given orally to treat pain and fever that occasionally follows vaccination. Paracetamol pharmacology is presented, along with alternatives to paracetamol.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 998  
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Author (up) Warren, B.L. openurl 
  Title Intramuscular injection angle: Evidence for practice? Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2002 Publication Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages 42-51  
  Keywords Patient safety; Immunisation  
  Abstract This article presents the findings of a search for evidence to support the 45-60 degree angle of insertion for intramuscular injection of vaccine which is recommended in New Zealand. With the objective of discovering the evidence base for an intramuscular injection angle which differs from that recommended by the World Health Organisation and the accepted practice experienced by the author in the UK, Canada, Malawi and the USA, a comprehensive library and internet literature search was undertaken. Information was also sought by personal correspondence and contact with a range of immunisation specialists. Both the literature specifically on needle angle and that which includes needle angle within a wider investigation of technique is included. Overwhelmingly the evidence supports a 90 degree angle of needle insertion for intramuscular injection as being most effective in terms of patient comfort, safety and efficacy of vaccine.  
  Call Number NRSNZNO @ research @ Serial 616  
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